Glass - Nature, Structure, and Properties

When it was learned that Professor Scholze was revising his classic work on the nature, structure, and properties of glass, it was natural to conceive the idea of translating the new edition into English. Professor Scholze enthusiastically endorsed this suggestion and asked for the concurrence of his publisher, Springer-Verlag. Springer-Verlag welcomed the idea and readily agreed to provide support. With the essential agreements in place, Professor Michael Lakin, Professor of German at Alfred University, was asked to do the transla­ tion, and I subsequently agreed to work with Professor Lakin to check for technical accuracy. I was happy to accept this task because of my respect for Professor Scholze and because of the value to glass scientists and engineers of having available an English edition of Glas. Professor Scholze died before publication ofthis English edition of his work. However, he had reviewed the entire English text and had approved it. Professor Lakin and I appreciated the confidence he placed in us, and we were gratified with his acceptance of our efforts. His scientific contributions were numerous and important; they will long serve as guideposts for research in many key areas. We hope this translation of Glas will help make his legacy accessible to more people. Professor Lakin and I have tried to provide a translation that is accurate and true to the original but that has a distinctive English "flavor"; that is, it is not just a literal translation.Table of Content1. Introduction.- 2. Nature and Structure of Glass.- 2.1 Definition of Glass.- 2.2 Network Hypotheses.- 2.3 Structure of the Melt.- 2.3.1 Evaluation of Phase Diagrams: Activities.- 2.3.2 Interpretation of Other Measurements.- 2.3.3 Phase Separation.- 2.3.4 Acidity and Basicity.- 2.4 Kinetics of the Formation of Liquid and Solid Phases.- 2.4.1 Principles of Viscosity.- 2.4.1.1 Dependence on Temperature.- 2.4.1.2 Dependence on Time.- 2.4.2 Melting Process.- 2.4.3 Crystallization.- 2.4.3.1 Nucleation.- 2.4.3.2 Velocity of Crystallization.- 2.4.3.3 Intentional Crystallization.- 2.4.4 Glass Formation Considered Kinetically.- 2.4.5 Sol—Gel Process.- 2.5 Structure of Glass.- 2.5.1 Thermodynamic Consideration.- 2.5.2 Methods of Investigation.- 2.5.3 Bonding Relationships.- 2.5.3.1 Bonding Relationships with SiO2.- 2.5.3.2 Numerical Concepts.- 2.5.3.3 Glass Formation Observed Through Bonding.- 2.5.4 Additional Hypotheses on Structure and Formation of Glass.- 2.5.5 Ideal Glass: Real Glass.- 2.5.6 Glassy Versus Amorphous.- 2.5.7 The Glass Surface.- 2.6 Special Glass Structures.- 2.6.1 Oxide Glasses.- 2.6.1.1 Single-Component Glasses.- 2.6.1.2 Influence of R2O.- 2.6.1.3 Influence of RO.- 2.6.1.4 Influence of R2O3 and Glasses Based on R2O3.- 2.6.1.5 Influence of RO2 or R2O5 and Glasses Based on Them.- 2.6.1.6 Oxoglasses.- 2.6.1.7 Influence of Other Anions.- 2.6.2 Nonoxide Glasses.- 2.6.2.1 Halide Glasses, Especially Fluoride Glasses.- 2.6.2.2 Chalcogenide Glasses.- 2.6.2.3 Metallic Glasses.- 2.6.2.4 Glasses Containing Carbon.- 3. Properties of Glass.- 3.1 Viscosity.- 3.1.1 Methods of Measurement.- 3.1.2 Dependence on Composition.- 3.1.3 Calculation Based on Composition.- 3.1.4 Dependence on Prior History.- 3.2 Thermal Expansion.- 3.2.1 Methods of Measurement.- 3.2.2 Dependence on Temperature.- 3.2.3 Dependence on Composition.- 3.2.4 Calculation Based on Composition.- 3.2.5 Dependence on Prior History.- 3.3 Density.- 3.3.1 Methods of Measurement.- 3.3.2 Dependence on Composition.- 3.3.3 Calculation Based on Composition.- 3.3.4 Dependence on Temperature: Density of Glass Melts.- 3.3.5 Dependence on Prior History.- 3.4 Optical Properties.- 3.4.1 Index of Refraction.- 3.4.1.1 Methods of Measurement.- 3.4.1.2 Dependence on Composition.- 3.4.1.3 Calculation Based on Composition.- 3.4.1.4 Dependence on Temperature.- 3.4.1.5 Dependence on Prior History.- 3.4.2 Transparency.- 3.4.2.1 Methods of Measurement.- 3.4.2.2 Transparency in the Ultraviolet Range.- 3.4.2.3 Transparency in the Visible Range.- 3.4.2.4 Transparency in the Infrared Range.- 3.4.2.5 Dependence on Temperature.- 3.4.2.6 Dependence on Prior History.- 3.4.2.7 Special Developments.- 3.5 Mechanical Properties.- 3.5.1 Elastic Properties.- 3.5.1.1 Methods of Measurement.- 3.5.1.2 Dependence on Composition.- 3.5.1.3 Calculation Based on Composition.- 3.5.1.4 Densification.- 3.5.1.5 Dependence on Temperature.- 3.5.1.6 Dependence on Prior History.- 3.5.2 Strength.- 3.5.2.1 Theoretical Strength.- 3.5.2.2 Practical Strength.- 3.5.2.3 Fracture Processes: Fracture Mechanics.- 3.5.2.4 Fatigue and Lifetime.- 3.5.2.5 Dependence on Temperature.- 3.5.2.6 Dependence on Composition.- 3.5.2.7 Dependence on Prior History.- 3.5.2.8 Improvement of Strength.- 3.5.2.9 Methods of Measurement.- 3.5.3 Stresses.- 3.5.3.1 Birefringence.- 3.5.3.2 Dependence on Time: Annealing.- 3.5.4 Hardness.- 3.5.4.1 Deformation Mechanisms.- 3.5.4.2 Methods of Measurement.- 3.5.4.3 Dependence on Composition.- 3.5.4.4 Dependence on Temperature.- 3.5.4.5 Dependence on Prior History.- 3.5.4.6 Abrasion Hardness.- 3.6 Electrical Properties.- 3.6.1 Electrical Conductivity.- 3.6.1.1 Methods of Measurement.- 3.6.1.2 Dependence on Composition.- 3.6.1.3 Dependence on Temperature: Behavior of Glass Melts.- 3.6.1.4 Calculation Based on Composition.- 3.6.1.5 Dependence on Prior History.- 3.6.1.6 Glasses with Special Electrical Properties.- 3.6.2 Dielectric Properties.- 3.6.2.1 Methods of Measurement.- 3.6.2.2 Dependence on Temperature and Frequency.- 3.6.2.3 Dependence on Composition.- 3.6.2.4 Calculation Based on Composition.- 3.6.2.5 Dependence on Prior History.- 3.7 Surface Tension.- 3.7.1 Methods of Measurement.- 3.7.2 Dependence on Composition.- 3.7.3 Calculation Based on Composition.- 3.7.4 Dependence on Temperature.- 3.8 Chemical Resistance.- 3.8.1 Basic Reactions.- 3.8.2 Methods of Measurement.- 3.8.3 Measured Data.- 3.8.4 Mechanisms.- 3.8.5 Dependence on Composition.- 3.8.6 Calculation Based on Composition.- 3.8.7 Dependence on Temperature.- 3.8.8 Dependence on Prior History.- 3.8.9 Glasses with Special Chemical Properties.- 3.8.9.1 Glass Electrodes.- 3.8.9.2 Hydrofluoric-Acid-Resistant Glasses.- 3.8.9.3 Alkali-Resistant Glasses.- 3.8.9.4 Glasses for Sodium Vapor Lamps.- 3.8.9.5 Glasses for Storage of Radioactive Waste.- 3.8.9.6 Glasses with Deliberately Determined Dissolution Velocity.- 3.9 Thermal Properties.- 3.9.1 Specific Heat.- 3.9.1.1 Methods of Measurement.- 3.9.1.2 Dependence on Temperature.- 3.9.1.3 Dependence on Composition.- 3.9.1.4 Calculation Based on Composition.- 3.9.1.5 Dependence on Prior History.- 3.9.2 Heat Transport.- 3.9.2.1 Methods of Measurement.- 3.9.2.2 Dependence on Temperature.- 3.9.2.3 Dependence on Composition.- 3.9.2.4 Calculation Based on Composition.- Author Index.Springer Book ArchivesSpringer Book Archives