Principles of Structural Design - Wood, Steel, and Concrete

Anyone involved with structural design, whether a student or a practicing engineer, must maintain a functional understanding of wood, steel, and concrete design principles. In covering all of these materials, Principles of Structural Design: Wood, Steel, and Concrete fills a gap that exists in the instructional resources. It provides a self-contained authoritative source that elaborates on the most recent practices together with the code-connected fundamentals that other books often take for granted. Dr. Ram Gupta, a professional engineer, provides readers with insights garnered over a highly active 40-year international career. Organized for ready reference, the book is divided into four main sections. Part I covers loads, load combinations, and specific code requirements for different types of loads. It elaborates on the LRFD (load resistance factor design) philosophy and the unified approach to design.Part II covers sawn lumber, structural glued laminated timber, and structural composite lumber. It reviews tension, compression, and bending members, as well as the effects of column and beam stabilities and combined forces.Part III considers the steel design of individual tension, compression, and bending members. Additionally, it provides designs for braced and unbraced frames. Open-web steel joists and joist girders are included here as they form a common type of flooring system for steel-frame buildings.Part IV analyzes the design of reinforced beams and slabs, shear and torsion, compression and combined compression, and flexure in relation to basic concrete structures. This textbook presents the LRFD approach for designing structural elements according to the latest codes. Written for architecture and construction management majors, it is equally suitable for civil and structural engineers. Table of ContentDESIGN LOADSDesign CriteriaClassification of BuildingsBuilding CodesStandard Unit LoadsTributary AreaWorking Stress Design, Strength Design, and Unified Design of StructuresElastic and Plastic DesignsElastic Moment CapacityPlastic Moment CapacityThe Combination of LoadsProblemsPrimary Loads: Dead Loads and Live LoadsDead LoadsLive LoadsFloor Live LoadsBasic Design Live Load, LoEffective Area Reduction FactorOther Provisions for Floor Live LoadsRoof Live Loads, LrTributary Area Reduction Factor, R1Slope Reduction FactorProblemsSnow LoadsIntroductionBalanced Snow LoadImportance FactorThermal Factor, CtExposure Factor, CeRoof Slope Factor, CsRain-on-Snow SurchargePartial Loading of the Balanced Snow LoadUnbalanced Snow Load due to DriftAcross the Ridge Snow Drift on a RoofSnow Drift from a Higher to a Lower RoofLeeward Snow DriftWindward Snow DriftSliding Snow Load on Lower RoofProblemsWind LoadsIntroductionThe Simplified Procedure for MWFRSHorizontal Pressure Zones for MWFRSVertical Pressure Zones for MWFRSMinimum Pressure for MWFRSThe Simplified Procedures for Components and CladdingMinimum Pressures for Components and CladdingProblemsEarthquake LoadsSeismic ForcesSeismic ParametersFundamental Period of StructureGround Spectral Response MapsAdjusted Spectral Response AccelerationsDesign Spectral AccelerationDesign Response SpectrumImportance Factor, ISeismic Design CategoriesExemptions from Seismic DesignsEquivalent Lateral Force Procedure to Determine Seismic ForceEffective Weight of Structure, WSeismic Response Coefficient, CsResponse Modification Factor, RDistribution of Seismic ForcesDistribution of Seismic Forces on Vertical Wall ElementsDistribution of Seismic Forces on Horizontal Elements (Diaphragms)Design Earthquake LoadProblems WOOD STRUCTURESWood SpecificationsEngineering Properties of Sawn LumberReference Design Values for Sawn LumberAdjustments to the Reference Design Values for Sawn LumberTime Effect Factor, λSize Factor, CFSize Factor, CF for Dimension LumberSize Factor, CF for TimberRepetitive Member Factor, CrFormat Conversion Factor, KFResistance Factor, LRFD Design with WoodStructural Glued Laminated TimberReference Design Values for GLULAMAdjustment Factors for GLULAMFlat Use Factor for GLULAM, CfuVolume Factor for GLULAM, CvCurvature Factor for GLULAM, CcStructural Composite LumberProblemsFlexure and Axially Loaded Wood StructuresIntroductionDesign of BeamsBending Criteria of DesignBeam Stability Factor, CLEffective Unbraced LengthShear CriteriaDeflection CriteriaBearing at SupportsBearing Area Factor, CbDesign of Axial Tension MembersDesign of ColumnsColumn Stability Factor, CPDesign for Combined Bending and CompressionProblems Wood ConnectionsTypes of Connections and FastenersDowel-Type Fasteners (Nails, Screws, Bolts, Pins)Yield Limit Theory for Laterally Loaded FastenersYield Mechanisms and Yield Limit EquationsReference Design Values for Lateral Loads (Shear Connections)Reference Design Values for Withdrawal LoadsAdjustments of the Reference Design ValuesWet Service Factor, CMTemperature Factor, CtGroup Action Factor, CgGeometry Factor, CΔEnd Grain Factor, CegDiaphragm Factor, CdiToenail Factor, CtnNail and Screw ConnectionsNailsWood ScrewsBolt and Lag Screw ConnectionsBoltsLag ScrewsProblemsSTEEL STRUCTURES Tension Steel MembersProperties of SteelThe 2005 Unified Design SpecificationsLimit States of DesignDesign of Tension MembersTensile Strength of ElementsNet Area, AnShear Lag Factor for Unattached ElementsBlock Shear StrengthDesign Procedure for Tension MembersProblems Compression Steel MembersStrength of Compression Members or ColumnsLocal Buckling CriteriaFlexural Buckling CriteriaEffective Length Factor for Slenderness RatioLimit States for Compressive StrengthNon-Slender MembersFlexural Buckling of Non-Slender Members in Elastic and Inelastic Regions 6Inelastic BucklingElastic BucklingTorsional and FlexuralTorsional Buckling of Non-Slender MembersSlender Compression MembersUse of the Compression TablesProblemsFlexural Steel MembersThe Basis of DesignNominal Strength of Steel in FlexureLateral Unsupported LengthFully Plastic Zone with Adequate Lateral SupportInelastic Lateral Torsional Buckling (I-LTB) ZoneElastic Lateral Torsional Buckling (E-LTB) ZoneSlender Beam SectionsCompact Full Plastic LimitNoncompact Flange Local Buckling (N-FLB)Slender Flange Local Buckling (S-FLB)Summary of Beam RelationsDesign AidsShear Strength of SteelBeam Deflection LimitationsProblemsCombined Forces on Steel MembersDesign Approach to the Combined ForcesCombination of Tensile and Flexure ForcesCombination of Compression and Flexure Forces: The Beam-ColumnMembersMembers without SideswayMembers with SideswayMagnification Factor, B1Moment Modification Factor, CmBraced Frame DesignMagnification Factor for Sway, B2Unbraced Frame DesignOpen-Web Steel JoistsJoist GirdersProblemsSteel ConnectionsTypes of Connections and JointsBolted ConnectionsSpecifications for Spacing of Bolts and Edge DistanceBearing-Type ConnectionsSlip-Critical ConnectionsTensile Load on BoltsCombined Shear and Tensile Forces on BoltsCombined Shear and Tension on Bearing-Type ConnectionsCombined Shear and Tension on Slip-Critical ConnectionsWelded ConnectionsFillet WeldsEffective Area of WeldMinimum Size of WeldMaximum Size of WeldLength of WeldStrength of WeldComplete Joint Penetration (CJP) Groove WeldsPartial Joint Penetration (PJP) Welds and Fillet WeldsFrame ConnectionsShear or Simple Connection for FramesSingle-Plate Shear Connection or Shear TabFramed-Beam ConnectionSeated-Beam ConnectionEnd-Plate ConnectionSingle-Plate Shear Connection for FramesMoment-Resisting Connection for FramesProblemsREINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURESFlexural Reinforced Concrete MembersProperties of Reinforced ConcreteCompression Strength of ConcreteDesign Strength of ConcreteStrength of Reinforcing SteelLRFD Basis of Concrete DesignReinforced Concrete BeamsDerivation of the Beam RelationsThe Strain Diagram and Modes of FailureBalanced and Recommended Steel PercentagesMinimum Percentage of SteelStrength Reduction Factor for ConcreteSpecifications for BeamsAnalysis of BeamsDesign of BeamsDesign for Reinforcement OnlyDesign of Beam Section and ReinforcementOne-Way SlabSpecifications for SlabsAnalysis of One-Way SlabDesign of One-Way SlabProblemsShear and Torsion in Reinforced ConcreteStress Distribution in BeamDiagonal Cracking of ConcreteStrength of Web (Shear) Reinforced BeamShear Contribution of ConcreteShear Contribution of Web ReinforcementSpecifications for Web (Shear) ReinforcementAnalysis for Shear CapacityDesign for Shear CapacityTorsion in ConcreteProvision for Torsional ReinforcementProblemsCompression and Combined Forces Reinforced Concrete MembersTypes of ColumnsPedestalsColumns with Axial LoadsShort Columns with Combined LoadsLarge or Slender Columns with Combined LoadsAxially Loaded ColumnsStrength of SpiralsSpecifications for ColumnsAnalysis of Axially Loaded ColumnsDesign of Axially Loaded ColumnsShort Columns with Combined LoadsEffects of Moment on Short ColumnsOnly Axial Load Acting (Case 1)Large Axial Load and Small Moment (Small Eccentricity) (Case 2)Large Axial Load and Moment Larger Than Case 2 Section (Case 3)Large Axial Load and Moment Larger Than Case 3 Section (Case 4)Balanced Axial Load and Moment (Case 5)Small Axial Load and Large Moment (Case 6)No Appreciable Axial Load and Large Moment (Case 7)Characteristics of the Interaction DiagramApplication of the Interaction DiagramAnalysis of Short Columns for Combined LoadingDesign of Short Columns for Combined LoadingLong or Slender ColumnsProblemsAppendix A: GeneralAppendix B: WoodAppendix C: SteelAppendix D: ConcreteReferences and BibliographyIndexBiographical NoteRam S. Gupta holds a master of engineering degree from IIT, Roorkee, India, and a PhD from Polytechnic University, New York. He is a registered professional engineer in Rhode Island and Massachusetts. Dr. Gupta has 40 years of experience working on projects in the United States, Australia, India, and Liberia (West Africa), and is currently working as a professor of engineering at Roger Williams University (RWU), Br